| THE PLURAL of the Noun | Homepage | ||||||||
| The Noun | French | Italian | Portuguese | Romanian | Spanish | Translation | |||
| Singular | Masculine | ami | amico | amigo | amic | amigo | friend | ||
| Feminine | valise | valigia | maleta | valiză | maleta | suitcase | |||
| Neutral | None | None | None | pat | None | bed | |||
| Plural | Masculine | amis | amici | amigos | amici | amigos | friends | ||
| Feminine | valises | valigie | maletas | valize | maletas | suitcases | |||
| Neutral | None | None | None | paturi | None | beds | |||
| How to Avoid Confusions? | |||||||||
| As a general rule, in Spanish, Portuguese, and French, to form the plural you need to add an s. The major difference to remember is that in Italian and Romanian, nouns in plural never end in s, but generally end in i for masculine nouns and in e for feminine nouns. It is also useful to remember that in French there are a number of words forming the plural in x (those ending in eau, eu, and au) and in aux (those ending in al). | |||||||||
| Detailed Presentation of the Plural | |||||||||
| In FRENCH, the plural is usually formed by adding an s. Nouns that end in eau, eu, and au form the plural in x, and those ending in al in aux. | |||||||||
| Examples: la chambre-chambres (room), le portail-portails (gate), le trou-trous (hole), le veau-veaux (veal), le pieu-pieux (stake), le chameau-chameaux (camel), le cheval-chevaux (horse), and le clou-clous (nail). | |||||||||
| Particularities | |||||||||
| A few nouns that end in ail form the plural in aux: | |||||||||
| Examples: le travail-travaux (task), same for le bail (lease), le corail (coral), l'émail (enamel), le soupirail (basement window), le ventail (ventail), le vantail (door of a closet), and le vitrail (stained glass window). | |||||||||
| Several nouns that end in ou form the plural in x: | |||||||||
| Examples: le bijou-bijoux (jewel),same for l'hibou (owl), le caillou (pebble), le genou (knee), le chou (cabbage), le joujou (toy), and le pou (louse). | |||||||||
| Some nouns ending in al, eu, and au form the plural in s: | |||||||||
| Examples: le bal-bals (balle), same for le carnaval (carnival), le cérémonial (ceremonials), le choral (chorale), le festival (festival), le régal (treat), le chacal (jackal), and le santal (sandalwood); le bleu (blue), l'émeu (emou), le feu (fire), l'enfeu (enfeu), le pneu (tyre), le lieu (poison), and le richelieu (a type of shoes); le gruau (wheat flour), le landau (pram), and le sarrau (smock). | |||||||||
| Others: l'oeil-yeux (eye) | |||||||||
| In ITALIAN, nouns ending in o and e form the plural in i, and nouns ending in a form the plural in e. | |||||||||
| In other words, masculine nouns take an i and feminine nouns an e. | |||||||||
| Examples: il còrpo-còrpi (body), la dònna-dònne (lady), and il inglèse-inglèsi (Englishman). | |||||||||
| Particularities | |||||||||
| In plural, ca becomes che, ga becomes ghe, co becomes chi, and go becomes ghi. | |||||||||
| Examples: la banca-banche (bank), la riga-righe (line), il fico-fichi (fig), and il fungo-funghi (mushroom). | |||||||||
| Foreign nouns, one syllable-nouns, and nouns ending in i or in an accented vowel, like ità, do not change: | |||||||||
| Examples: il film/sport-i film/sport, same for il re (king), la foto (photo), la città (city), la crisi, la virtù (virtue). | |||||||||
| Nouns ending in io have ii in the plural only if the i is stressed. | |||||||||
| Examples: il zio-zii (uncle), il occhio-occhii (eye), il figlio-figli (son), and la moglie-mogli (wive). | |||||||||
| In PORTUGUESE, all nouns form the plural in s, but the words can change in the process in the following way: | |||||||||
| Nouns that end in a vowel, except ão, simply add s: | |||||||||
| Examples: o carro-carros (car) and a praia-praias (beach). | |||||||||
| Nouns that end in m get an ns: | |||||||||
| Examples: o jardim-jardins (garden) and o homem-homens (man). | |||||||||
| Nouns ending in al get an ais, in el an éis, in ol an óis, and in il an is. If the il is not stressed, it gets an eis: | |||||||||
| Examples: o hospital-hospitais (hospital), o fóssil-fósseis (fossil), and o barril-barris (barrel). | |||||||||
| Nouns ending in ão usually get ões, sometimes ães or ãos: | |||||||||
| Examples: o limão-limões (lemon), a mão-mãos (hand), a lição-lições (lesson), and o pão-pães (bread). | |||||||||
| Nouns that end in s and do not have the stress on the last syllabus do not change: | |||||||||
| Examples: o lápis-lápis (pencil) and o ônibus-ônibus (bus). | |||||||||
| Nouns that end in any consonant except m and l take an es: | |||||||||
| Examples: o mês-meses (month) and o português-portugueses (Portuguese). | |||||||||
| In SPANISH, all nouns ending in o, e, and a form the plural in s. Those that end in a consonant take an es. | |||||||||
| Examples: el dèdo-dèdos (finger), el libro-libros (book), la silla-sillas (sofa), and el profesòr-profesòres (teacher). | |||||||||
| Particularities | |||||||||
| Those nouns that end in ión take an es as well, but you must drop the accent: | |||||||||
| Examples: el avión-aviones (plane) and la conversación-conversaciones (conversation). | |||||||||
| For nouns that finish in z change the z into c and add es: | |||||||||
| Examples: la voz-voces (voice), el tapiz-tapices (carpet), and la actriz-actrices (actress). | |||||||||
| In ROMANIAN, nouns ending in ă, form the plural by adding an e, feminine nouns ending in other vowels/consonants and masculine nouns form the plural by adding an i, and neutral nouns by adding uri. | |||||||||
| Examples: casă - case (feminine: house - houses), carpetă - carpete (feminine: carpet - carpets), caisă - caise (feminine: apricot - apricots), amic - amici (masculine: friend - friends), floare - flori (feminine ending in other than "ă": flower - flowers), pat - paturi (neutral: bed - beds), dulap - dulapuri (neutral: closet - closets), bec - becuri (neutral: lightbulb - lightbulbs). | |||||||||
| Nouns that finish in ea form the plural by adding ele: perdea-perdele (feminine: curtain - curtains), mărgea - mărgele (feminine: pearl - pearls). | |||||||||
| Particularities | |||||||||
| Feminine nouns that have the form consonant (exc. "c") + a + consonant + ă change the a into e and form the plural by adding an e: fată - fete (feminine: girl - girls), masă - mese (feminine: table - tables), pară - pere (feminine: pear - pears). | |||||||||
| In Romanian, there are many nouns that change almost completely when forming the plural. | |||||||||
| Examples: băiat - băieţi (masculine: boy - boys), creion - creioana (neutral: pen -pens) | |||||||||
| Others: maşină - maşini (feminine: car - cars), geantă - genţi (feminine: bag - bags) | |||||||||